Reported speech (Mowa zależna)

Najwyższy czas, aby przyjrzeć się mowie zależnej (eng. reported speech). Mowy zależnej używamy zawsze wtedy, gdy chcemy zrelacjonować czyjąś wypowiedź, bez dokładnego jej cytowania. Np. zdanie "I speak English" zreportujemy w sposób następujący: He said that he spoke English.

Jakie zmiany zaobserwowaliśmy?

- zniknął cudzysłów (nie jest to już cytat, lecz nasza parafraza)
- cofnął się czas, w którym sformułowaliśmy wypowiedź (Present Simple -> Past Simple).

Rzućmy okiem na reguły, których znajomość pozwoli Wam na przekształcenie dowolnej wypowiedzi na zdanie w mowie zależnej. Poniżej znajdziecie ściągawkę dla wszystkich szesnastu czasów.

I. Present

Present Simple -> Past Simple
Tom says: "I speak English." -> Tom said that he spoke English.

Present Continuous -> Past Continuous
Tom says: "I am eating dinner." -> Tom said that he was eating dinner.

Present Perfect -> Past Perfect
Tom says: "I have arrived." -> Tom said that he had arrived.

Present Perfect Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous 
Tom says: "I have been working." -> Tom said that he had been working.

II. Past

Past Simple -> Past Perfect
Tom says: "I ate an apple." -> Tom said that he had eaten an apple.

Past Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous
Tom says: "I was eating an apple." -> Tom said that he had been eating an apple.

Past Perfect -> Past Perfect
Tom says: "I had seen her." -> Tom said that he had seen her.

Past Perfect Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous
Toms says: "I had been reading." -> Tom said that he had been reading.

III. Future

Future Simple -> Would
Tom says: "I will read." -> Tom said that he would read.

Future Continuous -> Would be (doing sth)
Tom says: "I will be going." -> Tom said that he would be going.

Future Perfect -> Would have (past participle)
Tom says: "I will have read it by tomorrow." -> Tom said that he would have read it by tomorrow.

Future Perfect Continuous -> Would have been (doing sth)
Tom says: "I will have been working for a month." -> Tom said that he would have been working for a month.

IV. Modals

Can -> Could
Tom says: "I can do it." -> Tom said that he could do it.

May -> Might
Tom says: "The meeting may end early." -> Tom said that the meeting might end early.

Must -> Must/Had to
Tom says: "I must work." -> Tom said I must/had to work.

Could/Might/Would/Ought to/Used to -> Could/Might/Would/Ought to/Used to
Tom says: "I could go there." -> Tom said he could go there.

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A co, jeśli w zdaniu pojawi się słówko, typu "now", "here" lub "today"? Zmieniamy je wg wzoru:

now -> then
today -> that day
tonight -> that night
last night -> the night before/the previous night
tomorrow -> the next day/the following day
yesterday -> the day before/the previous day
two days/months/years ago -> two days/months/years before
this -> that
these -> those
here -> there